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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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ATmega16A/32 USB Boot-loader Circuit/Programmer

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Fig.1 shows the ATmega16A USB boot-loader circuit. Integrate all the components shown in the circuit. Download the AVR USB Flash programmer tool and upload your .HEX file on to the microcontroller. The circuit can be used as a separate programmer or it can be integrated on to your project.


Fig.1 ATmega16A USB Boot-loader circuit

 Fig.2 shows the ATmega16A/32 USB boot-loader and Development kit. Connect all the components and upload your .HEX file on to the controller. This circuit can be used to program your controllers and also can be used as a standard development board. It has character LCD and SPI connections. This circuit is best for students doing embedded system projects on ATmega16A controller.
Fig.2 ATmega16A/32 USB Boot-loader and Development kit circuit

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