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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

Simple Scr Replacing Latching Switch Circuit Diagram

Build a Simple Scr Replacing Latching Switch Circuit Diagram.This circuit provides the tum-on characteristics of an SCR, but turns off with ease. The switch is comprised of three transistors with descending current ratings: Q3 has a high-current rating and Q2 has a medium rating. 

 Simple Scr Replacing Latching Switch Circuit Diagram


 Simple Scr Replacing Latching Switch Circuit Diagram

 The current, !1, to be switched is 15 A. Momentarily depressing S2 removes Ql`s base drive, turning Ql off and allowing Q2 to tum on. Q2 then drives the base-emitter junction of Q3, turning Q3 on. Q3`s collector-emitter voltage, which ·serves as Ql`s base drive, is essentially zero, keeping Ql off. To tum Q3 off, depress Sl; this action momentarily shunts Q2`s base current to ground, reversing the chain of events that turned Q3 on.

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