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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Intrinsically Safe Op Amp Circuit Diagram

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This is a protected Simple Intrinsically Safe Op Amp Circuit Diagram. The circuit is designed to drive an external load. A fault condition in the external load circuit could feed excessive current or voltage back into the line drive circuit. If excessive voltage appears from the load, the two zener diodes will clamp that voltage to a safe level, which in this case is 10 V.

 Simple Intrinsically Safe Op Amp Circuit Diagram



protected Simple Intrinsically Safe Op Amp Circuit

The current in the zener diodes, op amp, and the remainder of the circuitry is limited to a safe level by resistors Rl, R2, and R3. D1 protects the op-amp output stage from 10 V appearing across the clamp diodes under a fault condition. The advantage of this circuit is that, although it`s designed as unity gain buffer, the same techniques can be applied to inverting, noninverting, or differential gain stages.

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