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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Pure Unadulterated Power

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Backup Generator for a TV Station
Power is defined as the rate of which an amount of energy is used to accomplish work. In the mechanical realm, we tend to use the term "horsepower" when describing how much energy a engine can develop. In electronics, we use the term WATT when describing the amount of power used by something.

As discussed in a previous class, whenever a given current flows through a wire or device, it causes a form of electrical friction. We call this friction RESISTANCE. This friction is caused by the moving of electrons through and between molecules within the resistor. This friction causes 2 other effects: Heat and Noise. The noise is called Johnson noise, and for now, we will ignore this effect, as it is very negligible.

The speed, or rate at which the heat is generated defines the power that the resistor consumes. This power consumption represents a loss, because we do not make use of the heat that is dissipated. It becomes important to know how much power a resistor is dissipating, because it will burn up if it can not withstand the heat. For this reason, resistors have both a resistance rating in Ohms, and a power rating in Watts. A resistor which is rated at 2 watts can safely dissipate 2 watts. If a 2 watt resistor is forced to dissipate 5 watts, it will burn up, and its resistance value will change accordingly.

The question then arises, "How do we calculate the amount of power dissipated by a resistor?"

I Thought you'd never ask!

The formula for power is not unlike Ohm's Law. As a matter of fact, it is called Ohm's Watts Law. And remembering the formula for Power is a piece of pie!

(Don't I mean a piece of cake?)

Nope.... PIE! You see, Power (P) is equal to the product of the Current (I), and the Voltage (E) in a given circuit.
Of course, using algebra, you can derive 2 other formula's from this one.

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