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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Electronic Time On Touch Switch Circuit Diagram

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This is a simple Electronic Time On Touch Switch Circuit Diagram. The circuit is built around a 555 oscillator (Ul), which is turned on when a trigger is applied by touching the touch terminal to pin 2 of Ul. When activated, LED1 and BZ1 (a piezoelectric buzzer) turn on for the time period set by the values of R2 and C. 

 Electronic Time On Touch Switch Circuit Diagram


Electronic Time On Touch Switch Circuit Diagram


The ON-time of the touch circuit can be altered by changing the values of Ci and R2. This touch switch can be powered from batteries so that it need not be near a 60-Hz power source for triggering. The extremely small amount of current supplied to the trigger input through the 10- resistor. Rl, makes the input circuitry very sensitive to any external loading, and it is easily triggered by touching the pickup.

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