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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Electronic Line Current Detector Circuit Diagram

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This is simple Electronic Line Current Detector Circuit Diagram. Detection of line-current flow and indicating the flow to an electrically remote point is required in line status monitoring at a variety of points in the telephone system and auxiliary systems. 

 Electronic Line Current Detector Circuit Diagram




The line should be minimally unbalanced or loaded by the monitor circuit, and relatively high levels of 60-Hz induced voltages must be ignored. The HllAAl allows line currents of either polarity to be sensed without discrimination and will ignore noise up to approximately 2.5 mA. In applications where greater noise immunity or polarity- sensitive line-current detection is required, the HllAlO threshold coupler can be used. 

This photo transistor coupler is specified to provide a minimum 10% current transfer ratio at a defined input current, while leaking less than 50 p.A at half that input current over the full -55°C to + 100°C temperature range. The input current range, at which the coupler is on, is programmable by a single resistor from 5 to 10 mA.

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