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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of ...
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Simple Switch Debouncer Circuit Diagram

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 This is a Simple Switch Debouncer Circuit Diagram. Switch debouncing is one of those things you generally have to live with when playing with switches and digital circuits. In this circuit uses TTL inverter 74LS14 has an internal 16-Kohm, pull-up resistor that pulls the gate input high when the switch is open. As you close the switch, the 4.7uF capacitor discharges on the first contact.


Simple Switch Debouncer Circuit Diagram


If the switch contacts bounce open, the internal resistor limits the capacitor`s recharge to a rate sufficiently slow to prevent an undesired gate transition before the contacts again close. 

Note 
That the circuit correctly debounces the switch for both opening and closing. If you add an external pull-up resistor, you can use a CMOS Schmitt-trigger gate, 74HC14, and a smaller, 0.1uF, capacitor.

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