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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Sound Operated Switch Circuit Diagram

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This is a Simple Sound Operated Switch Circuit Diagram. This sound-operated switch will sense the ring of the phone and translate this to a lamp that will go on and off. The amplified signal across R2 reaches D1 through capacitor C2. The rectified audio signals provide a negative bias for Q2, a pnp transistor. This causes Q2 to conduct so the current that triggers SCR1 is provided at the gate. Potentiometer R4 sets the sensitivity. R3 and C3 delay the operating voltage for Ql so that the circuit will not be triggered on by the sound of the on/off switch, SI or by the current surge. Set the lamp atop a TV receiver, turn it on and set the potentiometer so that a finger snap at two feet will trigger the lamp on. Place the speaker close to the telephone and give it a try.



Simple Sound Operated Switch Circuit Diagram

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