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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple 2 Door Annunciator Circuit Diagram

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Security system or alarms such as doorbell and Door Annunciator are most wanted in industries and institutional use. This is a Simple 2 Door Annunciator Circuit Diagram. When the push buttons at either door are depressed, this circuit generates a different tone for each door. Tones are generated by phase-shift oscillator Q1/Q2. Q3 provides tone frequency change by changing the phase-shift network. U2 and U3 are timers for the tones and Q4/Q5 interface the timers with the push buttons. 



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