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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

One IC Based One Chip Chime Circuit Diagram

Build a One IC Based One Chip Chime Circuit Diagram. This circuit uses only one IC, produces a pleasant tone, and sports a single control for adjusting the tone`s chiming rate. IC1A and IC1B form an astable multivibrator, which produces the circuit`s basic tone.

 
 One IC Based One Chip Chime Circuit Diagram
 
The multivibrator`s frequency is: The component values produce a 668-Hz tone. IC1C buffers the multivibrator`s output to the 8- speaker. Current-limiting resistor R2, determines the speaker`s volume. R2 minimum value is 220 . IC1D and IC1E form an asymmetric, astable multivibrator, which adds a chime effect to the circuit`s basic tone. 

The chime effect`s frequency is: R7 gives this rate multivibrator a slowly varying output signal to produce a pleasant decay for the chime effect. IC1F is an inverting amplifier for the chime multivibrator.

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