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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Electronic Solid State Stepping Switch Circuit Diagram

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This is a simple Electronic Solid State Stepping Switch Circuit Diagram. Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. In electrical controls, a stepping switch , also known as a stepping relay, is an electromechanical device which allows an input connection to be connected to one of a number of possible output connections, under the control of a series of electrical pulses. 


 

This circuit was designed to make switching of a 48-channel mobile transceiver safe to operate while mobile. The oscillators allow for single-stepping or a scanning function. The scan facility allows for stepping through all 48 channels to check for occupancy or otherwise, and each output is indicated with an LED and labeled accordingly, so at-a-glance indication is possible.With full scope of this circuit it is possible to scan 256 channels and by adding more 4 to 16 line encoders etc. you could switch to any required number.

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