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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Comparator with Variable Hysteresis Circuit Diagram

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This is a simple Comparator with Variable Hysteresis Circuit Diagram.Variable Hysteresis  is a Band Current Controller for Power. An operational amplifier can be used as a convenient device for analog comparator applications that require two different trip points. 


Comparator with Variable Hysteresis Circuit Diagram

 The addition of a positiver feedback network introduces a precise variable hysteresis into the usual comparator switching action. Such feedback develops two comparator trip points centered about the initial trip point or reference point The voltage difference, AV, between the trip points can be adjusted by varying resistor R2. When the output voltage is taken from the zener diode, as shown, it switches between zero and Vz, the zener voltage.

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