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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Proximity Detector Sensor Circuit Diagram

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A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. This simple circuit is actuated by an increase in capacitance between a sensing electrode and the ground side of the line. The sensitivity can be adjusted to switch when a human body is within inches of the insulated plate used as the sensing electrode. Thus, sensitivity is adjusted with the 1 meg ohm potentiometer which determines the anode voltage level prior to clamping This sensitivity will be proportional to the area of the surface opposing each other.


Simple Proximity Detector Sensor Circuit Diagram

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