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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

Simple Light-operated switch Circuit Diagram

This is a Simple light-operated switch circuit diagram.This light sensitive circuit can operate a relay to switch on lamps or any AC loads when it senses darkness. 


Simple Light-operated switch Circuit Diagram

 It is ideal to use as switch less night lamps. This circuit uses a flip-flop arrangement of Ql and Q2. Normally Ql is conducting heavily. Light on CDS photocell causes Ql bias to decrease, cutting it off, turning on Q2, removing the remaining bias from Q1. Reset is accomplished by depressing S1

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