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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Op Amp Regulator Circuit Diagram

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This is a simple Op Amp Regulator Circuit Diagram. This op amp offers a straightforward method of developing a single-polarity stable voltage source (see the figure). Transistor Ql gets a base drive through resistor Rl, and conducts to develop a voltage (Vi) across the IC`s supply pins. Amp Al, R2, and Ql form a positive-feedback closed loop, along with R3 and the zener diode. Al, R2, and Ql also form a negative-feedback closed loop with R4 and R5. 



Op Amp Regulator Circuit Diagram

The effect of positive feedback is predominant as the non-inverting input receives Vx while the inverting input receives only: This happens until the zener comes into play. When the voltage at the inverting input exceeds the voltage at the non-inverting input, Al`s output takes away Ql`s base current through R2, which reduces Vi. Hence, an equilibrium condition is reached. Now: This circuit can source more than 30 mA.

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