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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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High Speed Breaker Switch Circuit Diagram

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This is the an electronic High Speed Breaker Switch Circuit Diagram. This 115 Vac, electronic circuit breaker uses the low drive power, low on resistance and fast turn off of the TMOS MTM15N50. The trip point is adjustable, LED fault indication is provided and battery power provides complete circuit isolation. The two `circuit breaker` terminals are across one leg of a full wave diode bridge consisting of D1-D4. 


 
Normally, Q1 is turned ON so that the circuit breaker looks like a very low resistance. One input to comparator Ul is a fraction of the internal battery voltage and the other input is the drop across zeners D6 and D7 and the voltage drop across R1. If excessive current is drawn, the voltage drop across Rl increases beyond the comparator threshold (determined by the setting of R6), U1 output goes low, Q1 turns OFF, and the circuit breaker `opens.` When this occurs, the LED fault indicator is illuminated.

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