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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Twilight Switch Circuit Diagram

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Flashing light is very useful in order to indicate any obstruction or working in progress. The circuit automatic flashing light with twilight switch flash light in dark but during day it automatically turns off itself. The circuit as dusk begins to -fall, the sensor (a cadmium-sulfide light-dependent resistor or LDR) operates a small horn to provide an audible reminder that it's time to turn on your lights. 

Simple Twilight Switch Circuit Diagram

Simple Twilight Switch Circuit Diagram
 

To turn the circuit off simply turn your headlights on and the noise stops. The base of Ql is fed through a voltage divider formed by R4, LDR1a light-dependent resistor with an internal resistor of about 100 ohms under bright-light conditions and about 10 megohms in total darkness potentiometer R6. Ql's base voltage depends on the light level received by LDR1 and the setting of R6. If LDR1 detects a high light level, its resistance decreases, thereby providing a greater base current for Ql, causing it to conduct. 

When Ql conducts, pin 4 of Ul is pulled to near ground potential, muting the oscillator.If, on the other hand, LDR1 detects a low light level, its resistance increases (reducing base current to Ql), cutting off the transistor and enabling the oscillator. In actual practice, you set R6 so that at a suitable light level (dusk), the oscillator will sound. The anode of diode Dl connects to the light switch, where it connects to the vehicle's parking lights. With the lights switched off, that point is connected to the negative chassis by way of the parking lamp. 

That has no effect on the circuit, as Dl blocks any current flow to ground from Ql's base via R6 and the sidelight lamps. When the lights are switched on, the anode of Dl is connected to the positive supply via the parking lamp switch, thereby applying a voltage to the base of Ql, biasing it into conduction. With Ql conducting, pin 4 of Ul is pulled virtually to ground, disabling the oscillator even though LDRl's resistance is not enough to do so.

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