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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Electronic Light Switch Circuit Diagram

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This is a simple Electronic Light Switch Circuit Diagram.. The circuit is a light switch who triggers when light drops on photo resistor. It is fairly simple in construction and can be used in a million applications. The photo resistor and the trimmer work as a voltage divider and also polarize the transistor TR1. TR1 triggers TR2 and TR2 drives the relay. Trimmer R7 is for adjusting the sensitivity of the circuit. 

 Switching Improves Regulator Efficiency Circuit Diagram

  Electronic Light Switch Circuit Diagram





Parts: 
R = photoresistor
R1= 4.7 Kohm
R2= 1.2 Kohm
R3= 2.2 Kohm
R4= 1.2 Kohm
R5= 1.2 Kohm
R6= 2.7 Kohm
R7= 100Kohm
Trimmer
C1 = 10uf/16V
electrolytic
TR1= BC107 - BC108 NPN
TR2= BC107 - BC108 NPN
TR3= BC557 - BC558 PNP - BC327
D1 = 1N4148 Relay = any 12Volt relay

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