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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Build a Toy Siren Circuit Diagram

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This simple Toy Siren circuit for hobbyist and student who game liker, this is a very simple Toy Siren circuit,  This Toy Siren circuit can be built small enough to frt inside a toy. The Toy Siren circuit consists of a relaxation oscillator utilizing one uni-junction transistor (2N2646, MU10, TIS43). R2 and C2 determine the frequency of the tone. 

 Simple Toy Siren Circuit Diagram


Simple Toy Siren Circuit Diagram


Pushing the button, SW1 charges up the capacitor and the potential at the junction of R2 and C2 rises, causing an upswing in the frequency of oscillation. On releasing the push-button the charge on C2 will drop slowly with a proportional reduction in the frequency of oscillation. Manual operation of the button at intervals of approximately 2 seconds will produce a siren sound.

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