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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Build a Photo Alarm Circuit Diagram

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Build a Photo Alarm Circuit Diagram. This circuit is an application for an alarm. The alarm rings, you can see the your photos, family, lover, friends. This circuit use LDR1, a cadmium sulphide (CDS) photo resistive cell is used as the lower leg of a voltage divider between Vcc and ground. The timer terminals 2 and 6 are connected to the junction of the photocell and SENSITIVITY control Rl. 

Photo Alarm Circuit Diagram

Photo Alarm Circuit Diagram
 

The resistance of the photo resistive cell varies inversely as the light intensity; resistance is high when the illumination level is low; low in bright light. (The Radio Shack CDS cell 276-116 has a typically wide resistance range€”about 3 megohms in darkness and 100 ohms in bright light.) When the light is interrupted or falls below a level set by SENSITIVITY control Rl, the rise in LDRl's resistance causes the voltage on pins 2 and 6 to rise. If the control is set so the voltage rises above 2A Vcc, the relay pulls in. 

The relay drops out when the light level increases and the drop across the photocell Ms below lA Vcc.(The circuit can be modified by placing relay K1 and diodeD1 between pin 3 and ground. In this case, the relay drops out when the voltage on pins 2 and 6 rises above V% Vcc, and pulls in when it falls below Vi Vcc. This modification is valuable when the relay has single-throw contacts.) Opening and dosing of the relay contacts occurs at different illumination levels. This J/3 Vcc hysteresis is an advantage that prevents the circuit from hunting and the relay from chattering when there are very small changes in illumination.

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