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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Build a 3 Channels LED Flasher Circuit Diagram

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Build a 3 Channels LED Flasher Circuit Diagram. Inserting two 1-MO resistors, R1 and R2, in the output stage of one of the circuit`s inverters limits the current needed by the oscillator tone more than a few pA. This circuit includes a CD4007 package, which has three CMOS inverters. It forms a standard three-inverter oscillator. Resistors R1 and R2, in series with separate drains on inverter pins 8 and 13, limit the oscillator`s supply current. Capacitor C1 and resistors R5 set the off time of the oscillator, C1; R6 sets the on time. 

 Three Years LED Flasher Circuit Diagram

Build a 3 Channels LED Flasher Circuit Diagram



A VN10KM small-power FET, current limited by R4, drives two HLMP-3300 LEDs. The LEDs consume about 20 mA for 1 ms. Their average current determines battery life. Since the LEDs in the circuit flash at 1 Hz, the average current drain is about 1/1000 of 20 mA, or 20 p.A. A 9-V battery should last about three years at the current drain-essentially the shelf life of an alkaline battery.

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