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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Best H-E Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

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Best High-efficiency-fly back-voltage-converter. This is a H-E Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram.In this circuit Ul is a dual voltage comparator with open collector outputs. The A side is an oscillator operating at 100kHz, and the B side is part of the regulation circuit that compares a fraction of the output voltage to a reference generated by zener diode D2. 

The output of U1A is applied directly to the gate of Q1. During the positive half-cycle of the Q1 gate voltage, energy is stored in Ll; in the negative half, the energy is discharged into C2. A portion of the output voltage is fed back to U1B to provide regulation. The output voltage is adjustable by changing feedback potentiometer R9. 


Best H-E Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram
 

Using the component values shown will produce a nominal 300-V output from a 12-V source. However, the circuit maximum output voltage is limited by RlO; a lower value for R10 yields a higher output voltage. The output voltage is also limited by the breakdown of values Ql, L1, D1, and C2.

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