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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Build a Programmable Zener Circuit Diagram

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How to Build a Programmable Zener Circuit Diagram. The ICL8212 is connected as a programmable zener diode. Zener voltages from 2 V up to 30 V can be programmed by mostly suitable selecting R2. The zener voltage is: Because of the absence of internal compensation in the ICL8212, CI is necessary to ensure stability. 
 
Two points worthy of note are the extremely low-knee current (less than 300 ) and the low dynamic impedance (typically 4 to 7 ohms) over the operating current range of 300 to 12 mA. 


Programmable Zener Circuit Diagram

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