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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Switching inverter for 12v systems circuit diagram

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This PWM control circuit provides the control pulse to the DMOS Power Switch in the flyback circuit. The output of the PWM is a pulse whose width is proportional to the input control voltage and whose repetition rate is determined by an external clock signal. 

To provide the control input to the PWM and to prevent the output voltage from soaring or sagging as the load changes the error amplifier and reference voltage complete the design. They act as the feedback loop in this control circuit much like that of a servo control system.


Switching inverter for 12v systems circuit diagram

Switching inverter for 12v systems circuit diagram

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