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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Power Consumption Limiter Circuit Diagram

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A Simple Power Consumption Limiter Circuit Diagram solenoid driver uses incandescent lamp filaments as on-indicators to limit power consumption. High magnetic reluctance (opposition to flux) in the coil of an armature-driven device, such as a solenoid or relay, calls for a surge of activation current, followed hy a lower de level to remain on, since surge to on-current ratio is typically 5:1. The cold filament allows a surge of coil-activation current to pass through; as the filament heats up, it throttles the current to a more reasonable hold value. The solenoid driver circuit offers these features: 5-V logic swings turn the power-MOSFET switch, Q1, fully on and off. 1vo low-cost flashlight lamps, in parallel, handle the peak current. Because their de current is only 50% of peak and because they operate at 60% of their rated voltage, the lamps have an operating life of 12,000 hours. Further, the lamp filaments` positive temperature coefficients raise each filament`s resistance. This rise in resistance eliminates current-hogging problems and provides short -circuit protection. The steady-state on-current is 700 mA, vs. 1700 mA without the lamps. A 4.6-V min supply rating allows battery operation. 

 Power Consumption Limiter Circuit Diagram


Simple Power Consumption Limiter Circuit Diagram

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