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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Fixed-Current Regulator Circuit Diagram

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This Simple Fixed-Current Regulator Circuit Diagram 1-mA current source delivers a fixed current to a load connected between Ql`s collector and ground; the load can be anywhere in the range from 0 to 14 . The circuit is powered from a regulated 15-V supply, and the R1/R2 voltage divider applies a 14-V reference to R3. 

The op amp`s output automatically adjusts to provide an identical voltage at the junction of R4 and R5. That produces 1 V across R5, resulting in an R5 current of 1 mA. Because that current is derived from Ql`s emitter, and the emitter and collector currents of a transistor are almost identical, the circuit provides a fixed-current source. The output current can be doubled by halving the value of R5.

Fixed-Current Regulator Circuit Diagram

Simple Fixed-Current Regulator Circuit Diagram

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