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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Capacitor Discharge High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram

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Simple Capacitor Discharge High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram Stepdown transformer T1 drops the incoming line voltage to approximately 48 Vac which is rectified by diode D1; the resultant de charges capacitor C1-through current limiting resistor Rl-to a voltage level preset by R4. When the voltage on R4`s wiper reaches about 8.6 V, Q1 begins to turn on, drawing current through R7 and the base-emitter junction of Q2. 

Q2 turns on and supplies a positive voltage to the gate of silicon-controlled rectifier Q3. The positive gate voltage causes Q3 to conduct, thereby discharging C1 through the primary winding of step-up transformer T2, which results in a high-voltage arc at output terminal X. The voltage developed at T2`s output is determined by the value of C1, the voltage across C1, and the turns ratio of transformer T2. 

The frequency or pulse rate of the high voltage is determined by the resistance of T1 `s primary and secondary windings, the value of R1, and the value of Cl. The lower the value of each item, the higher the output pulse rate; the peak output voltage will only remain unchanged if C1`s value remains unchanged.

Capacitor Discharge High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram

Capacitor Discharge High Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram

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