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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Build a Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram

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Build a Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram. The Tesla coil described here can.generate 25,000 V. So, even though the output current is low, be very careful! The main component is a flyback transformer from a discarded TV. A new primary windin_g is needed. Begin by winding 5 turns of #18 wire on the core. Then, twist a loop in the wire, and finish by winding five more turns. 

Wrap with electrical tape, but leave the loop exposed. A four-tum winding must be wound over the ten-turn winding that you`ve just finished.That is done the same way. First wind two turns of# 18 wire, then make a loop, and finish by winding two more turns. Again, wrap the new winding with electrical tape, leaving the loop exposed. When the windings are finished, the two loops shouldn`t be more than 1/.-inch apart, but take care that they do not touch. Connect a 240-U resistor between the two loops. 

The modified transformer now should look like the one shown. Connect the transformer as shown. The 27 -U resistor and two transistors should be mounted on a heatsink and must be insulated from it. The output of the high-voltage winding should begin to oscillate as soon as the circuit is connected to a 12-V de power supply. Ifit does not, reverse the connections to the base leads of the transistors. In normal operation, you should be able to araw l-inch sparks from the high-voltage lead using an insulated screwdriver.

Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram

Build a Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram

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