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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

Variable Zener Diode Circuit Diagram

The circuit behaves like a zener diode over a large range of voltages. The current passing through the voltage divider R1-R2 is substantially larger than the transistor base current and is in the region of 8 mA. The stabilizing voltage is adjustable over the range 5-45 V by changing the value of R2. The total current drawn by the circuit is variable over the range 15 mA to 50 mA.This value is determined by the maximum dissipation of the zener diode. In the case of a 250 mW device, this is of the order of 50 mA.

Variable Zener Diode Circuit Diagram

Variable Zener Diode Circuit Diagram

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