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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Switching Improves Regulator Efficiency Circuit Diagram

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In this circuit, a full-wave bridge is switched to a full-wave center tap to reduce regulator dissipation. SCR D6 switches between configurations. When D6 is off, the circuit is an FWCT rectifier using Dl, D2, and D5. It applies 17 V plus ripple to the regulator input. 

The drop across the regulator supplies base drive to Q2. If Q2 is on, Ql is off, and D6 is off. If the regulator voltage drops below about 3 V, Q2 turns off, and turns Ql on, which turns on D6. This changes the circuit to an FW bridge using Dl through D4.

Switching Improves Regulator Efficiency Circuit Diagram

Switching Improves Regulator Efficiency Circuit Diagram


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