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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Rosalind Franklin birthday

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Rosalind Franklin,.
Molecular Biologist:

Rosalind Franklin (July 25, 1920 – April 16, 1958)

 Rosalind Franklin, one the world’s most celebrated scientists, is also one of its most controversial. So controversial, in fact, that her work is the subject of a film, Race for the Double Helix, and two books, The Double Helix and Rosalind Franklin and DNA.

British molecular biologist Franklin was critical in discovering the structure of DNA. Her work has helped scientists understand how our genetic material is stored and copied. Yet when it was time to hand out Nobel prizes in 1962, they went to three male researchers, James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. Franklin was shut out.

Rosalind Franklin,. Molecular Biologist: Rosalind Franklin (July 25, 1920 – April 16, 1958) Rosalind Franklin, one the world’s most celebrated scientists, is also one of its most controversial. So controversial, in fact, that her work is the subject of a film, Race for the Double Helix, and two books, The Double Helix and Rosalind Franklin and DNA. British molecular biologist Franklin was critical in discovering the structure of DNA. Her work has helped scientists understand how our genetic material is stored and copied. Yet when it was time to hand out Nobel prizes in 1962, they went to three male researchers, James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. Franklin was shut out. Franklin had been fighting for gender fairness since childhood. Her father pressured her to become a social worker because that was a traditional career for women. Eventually he relented and allowed her to attend Newnham College in Cambridge, where she obtained a degree in natural sciences in 1941. Next, she went to Cambridge University to get a doctorate in physical chemistry. In 1951, after graduation, Franklin began work as a research associate at King’s College in London. The talented researcher was placed in charge of a DNA project. Unfortunately, women weren’t allowed in the university’s dining rooms or the pubs where her male colleagues would go to discuss their work. Franklin faced a major slight when Maurice Wilkins—a peer working on another DNA project—assumed she was an assistant because of her gender. Two years later, Wilkins showed Franklin’s images of DNA to Watson without her permission. After viewing her work, Watson solved the mystery of DNA’s structure. Franklin was close to finding the answer, but Watson beat her to it, publishing a paper without fully crediting her. In 1956, while studying the polio virus, Rosalind Franklin was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She died less than two years later, at age 37. While Watson and his research partner, Francis Crick, eventually acknowledged the critical role of Franklin’s data, debate continues.

Franklin had been fighting for gender fairness since childhood. Her father pressured her to become a social worker because that was a traditional career for women. Eventually he relented and allowed her to attend Newnham College in Cambridge, where she obtained a degree in natural sciences in 1941. Next, she went to Cambridge University to get a doctorate in physical chemistry.

In 1951, after graduation, Franklin began work as a research associate at King’s College in London. The talented researcher was placed in charge of a DNA project. Unfortunately, women weren’t allowed in the university’s dining rooms or the pubs where her male colleagues would go to discuss their work. Franklin faced a major slight when Maurice Wilkins—a peer working on another DNA project—assumed she was an assistant because of her gender.

Two years later, Wilkins showed Franklin’s images of DNA to Watson without her permission. After viewing her work, Watson solved the mystery of DNA’s structure. Franklin was close to finding the answer, but Watson beat her to it, publishing a paper without fully crediting her.

In 1956, while studying the polio virus, Rosalind Franklin was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She died less than two years later, at age 37. While Watson and his research partner, Francis Crick, eventually acknowledged the critical role of Franklin’s data, debate continues.