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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Ni-cad Charger Circuit Diagram

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Ni-cad charger with current and voltage limiting. Lamp LI will glow brightly and the LED will be out when the battery is low and being charged, but the LED will be bright and the light bulb dim when the battery is almost ready. Ll should be a light bulb rated for the current you want (usually the battery capacity divided by 10). Diode D1 should be at least 1 A, and Z1 is a 1W zener diode with a voltage determined by the full-charge battery voltage minus 1 V. After the battery is fully charged, the circuit will float it at about battery capacity divided by 100 mA.

Ni-cad Charger Circuit Diagram


Ni-cad Charger Circuit Diagram

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