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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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TRAIN THROTTLE

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TRAIN THROTTLE

This circuit is for model train enthusiasts.
By adding this circuit to your speed
controller box, you will be able to simulate
a train starting slowly from rest.
Remove the wire-wound rheostat and
replace it with a 1k pot. This controls the
base of the BC547 and the 2N3055

output is controlled by the BC547. The
diodes protect the transistors from
reverse polarity from the input and spikes
from the rails.