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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Timed Beeper

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Beeps 7.5 seconds after a preset time

Adjustable time settings: 15 s. 30 s. 1 min. 2 min. & others

 

Device purpose:

This circuit is intended for alerting purposes after a certain time is elapsed. It is suitable for table games requiring a fixed time to answer a question, or to move a piece etc. In this view it is a modern substitute for the old sandglass. Useful also for time control when children are brushing teeth (at least two minutes!), or in the kitchen, and so on.

Circuit operation:

Pushing on P1 resets IC2 that start oscillating at a frequency fixed by R3 & C1. With values shown, this frequency is around 4Hz. LED D2, driven by IC1A & B, flashing at the same oscillator frequency, will signal proper circuit operation. SW1 selects the appropriate pin of IC2 to adjust timing duration:
  • Position 1 = 15 seconds
  • Position 2 = 30 seconds
  • Position 3 = 1 minute
  • Position 4 = 2 minutes
When the selected pin of IC2 goes high, IC1C drives Q1 and the piezo sounder beeps intermittently at the same frequency of the LED. After around 7.5 seconds pin 4 of IC2 goes high and IC1D stops the oscillator through D1. If you want to stop counting in advance, push on P2.

Notes:

  • SW1 can be any type of switch with the desired number of ways. If you want a single fixed timing duration, omit the switch and connect pins 9 & 13 of IC1 to the suitable pin of IC2.
  • The circuit's reset is not immediate. Pushing P2 forces IC2 to oscillate very fast, but it takes some seconds to terminate the counting, especially if a high timer delay was chosen and the pushbutton is operated when the circuit was just starting. In order to speed the reset, try lowering the value of R5, but pay attention: too low a value can stop oscillation.
  • Frequency operation varies with different brand names for IC2. E.g. Motorola's ICs run faster, therefore changing of C1 and/or R3 values may be necessary.
  • You can also use pins 1, 2, 3 of IC2 to obtain timings of 8, 16 and 32 minutes respectively.
  • An on-off switch is not provided because when off-state the circuit draws no significant current.

Parts:

R1______220R   1/4W Resistor
R2_______10M   1/4W Resistor
R3________1M   1/4W Resistor
R4_______10K   1/4W Resistor
R5_______47K   1/4W Resistor

C1_______100nF  63V Polyester Capacitor
C2________22µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor

D1______1N4148  75V 150mA Diode
D2________3mm.  Red LED

IC1_____4081   Quad 2 input AND Gate IC
IC2_____4060   14 stage ripple counter and oscillator IC

Q1______BC337  45V 800mA NPN Transistor

P1______SPST Pushbutton (Start)
P2______SPST Pushbutton (Reset)

SW1_____4 ways Switch (See notes)

PS______Piezo sounder (incorporating 3KHz oscillator)

B1______3V Battery (2 AA 1.5V Cells in series)