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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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The Graphene Supercapacitor Revolution!

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You wouldn’t believe what they have discovered while making some experiments with the graphene – a Nobel-prize winning supermaterial. They were trying to produce high-quality sheets of graphene using a regular DVD-Burner and they succeeded, but the real surprise came when a researcher in Richard Kaner‘s lab wired a small square of their high quality carbon sheets up to a LED and it lit!

The graphene “supercapacitor” was charged only for 3 seconds but the LED run for over 5 minutes! I think this is very important and the world will soon change and the well-known batteries will soon be changed for good with these type of graphene supercapacitors which have a high energy storage and charges and discharges 1200 times faster than a battery.
Imagine the future where we will charge our devices in seconds, where electric cars will be everywhere and you can charge their batteries in minutes, even faster! Not to mention that the graphene supercapacitor is ecological.