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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Smart Energy Meter using 8051

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This is just a prototype of original meter having some features.
conventional analog energy meters indicates the meter reading by scrolling down the mechanical number plates. It will not show daily power consumption and cost/unit to the consumer. This is a prototype of Smart Energy meter it indicates the meter reading and cost/unit and also it can send the same information to the power grid. This is developed using AT89c51 microcontroller.

Features:
> Security UserID and Password
> Read Units anytime and price/unit
> send no.of Units to grid
> we can change userID and Password 
> get back to previous menu

to download code

Here is the functional tree chart

high level Flow chart: it gives behavioral working model of the meter


 Results: to see the video how it works 
  to see working video
 When user selected read units : displaying no.of units and price/unit
 

when user selected send to grid : it sent ID and no.of units consumed by the user
 
                                 Keypad             16x2 LCD          
                                
NOTE: meter readings are calculated by IR LED and PhotoDetector. In between the IR LED and PhotoDetector there will be a rotating magnetic coil of a conventional meter. But here we replaced it with one push button connected to the 555 timer(Monostable multivibrator), because we can't represent them here.

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