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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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NCAP Display

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Unlike most LCDs which are difficult to read in bright sunlight, the NCAPTM Plastic Liquid Crystal Display (Polymeric LCD) actually gets easier to read in brighter light (just like a piece of paper). For informational displays with many separately controlled segments (such as a digital clock), each part of the liquid crystal panel can selectively be turned 'on.' Furthermore, the amount of translucency is proportional to the voltage applied.

The heart of the NCAPTM technology is the liquid crystal cell. Normally this cell is black, allowing almost no light through. But when a current passes through it, instantly it turns transparent. Behind this liquid crystal cell is a colored reflective pattern. When the cell turns transparent, the colored print beneath shows through.
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Introduction  
Unlike most LCDs which are difficult to read in bright sunlight, the NCAPTM Plastic Liquid Crystal Display (Polymeric LCD) actually gets easier to read in brighter light (just like a piece of paper).
For informational displays with many separately controlled segments (such as a digital clock), each part of the liquid crystal panel can selectively be turned 'on.' Furthermore, the amount of translucency is proportional to the voltage applied.
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Further Information  
The heart of the NCAPTM technology is the liquid crystal cell. Normally this cell is black, allowing almost no light through. But when a current passes through it, instantly it turns transparent. Behind this liquid crystal cell is a colored reflective pattern. When the cell turns transparent, the colored print beneath shows through.
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Applications  
NCAPTM plastic displays can be directly applied to where clear, bright displays / control panels are needed such as
  • Information displays
  • Automobiles
  • Gaming machines
  • Household appliances (e.g., microwave oven)
  • Biomedical instruments or other instrumentation
  • Point of sale
Some potential applications for applying the NCAPTM LCD cell include
  • Exhibit displays, billboards, schedule boards
  • Ski goggles, sunglasses
  • Automotive windows, portable sun shade / umbrella
  • Telephone booth, changing room, office window / surgery room, hide home entertainment center
  • Peek through oven window, transparent drawers / kitchen cabinets for easy searching
Common Specifications  
Common specifications for commercially available NCAPTM plastic displays are listed below:
  Dimension: Up to 39 inch x 1000 ft (LDC cell itself)
Up to 22 inch x 15 inch (NCAPTM Display)
  Color: Available in warm yellow, yellow, green, blue, white, orange, and red. However, There are no technical limitations restricting particular colors.
  Operating Temperature: -20 ~ 85 °C
  Storage Temperature: -50 ~ 85 °C
  Voltage: 24 ±1.2 V
  Frequency: 50 / 60 Hz (25 ~ 120 Hz)
  DC Offset: ±350 mVdc
  Optical Performance: Color difference (1976 CIE UCS):
Warm yellow = 73; Red = 106;
  Response Time: Time on at 25°C = 6 ms; Time off at 25°C = 16 ms
Time on at 0°C = 42 ms; Time off at 0°C = 84 ms