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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Nanoparticle Carrying Bee Venom Could Prevent HIV Infection and Cure It

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 Nanoparticles are proving themselves effective carriers, delivering therapies within the human body.

Last year, nanoparticles carrying biological components proved effective as anti-viral treatments for Hepatitis C. And some years back, research also demonstrated that attaching short-interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to a biodegradable polymer nanoparticle was effective in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Now researchers at the Washington University in St. Louis have attacked HIV more directly. They have shown that a nanoparticle carrying bee venom effectively destroys HIV while leaving surrounding cells unharmed.