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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER


Most simple motor speed controllers simply reduce
the voltage to a motor by introducing a series
resistance. This reduces the motor's torque and if
the motor is stopped, it will not start again.
This circuit detects the pulses of noise produced by
the motor to turn the circuit off slightly. If the motor
becomes loaded, the amplitude of the pulses
decreases and the circuit turns on more to deliver a
higher current.