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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Bedside Lamp Timer

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30 minutes operation

Blinking LED signals 6 last minutes before turn-off

Parts:

R1________1K   1/4W Resistor
R2________4K7  1/4W Resistor
R3_______10M   1/4W Resistor
R4________1M   1/4W Resistor
R5_______10K   1/4W Resistor

C1_______470µF  25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2-C4____100nF  63V Polyester Capacitors

D1-D4____1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D5_______5mm. Red LED

IC1______4012  Dual 4 input NAND gate IC
IC2______4060  14 stage ripple counter and oscillator IC

Q1_______BC328  25V 800mA PNP Transistor
Q2_______BC547  45V 100mA NPN Transistor

P1,P2____SPST Pushbuttons

T1_______220V Primary, 9 + 9V Secondary 1VA Mains transformer

RL1______10.5V 470 Ohm Relay with SPDT 2A 220V switch

PL1______Male Mains plug

SK1______Female Mains socket
 
 

Device purpose:

The purpose of this circuit is to power a lamp or other appliance for a given time (30 minutes in this case), and then to turn it off. It is useful when reading at bed by night, turning off the bedside lamp automatically in case the reader falls asleep...
After turn-on by P1 pushbutton, the LED illuminates for around 25 minutes, but then it starts to blink for two minutes, stops blinking for two minutes and blinks for another two just before switching the lamp off, thus signaling that the on-time is ending. If the user want to prolong the reading, he/she can earn another half-hour of light by pushing on P1. Turning-off the lamp at user's ease is obtained by pushing on P2.

Circuit operation:

Q1 and Q2 form an ALL-ON ALL-OFF circuit that in the off state draws no significant current. P1 starts the circuit, the relay is turned on and the two ICs are powered. The lamp is powered by the relay switch, and IC2 is reset with a positive voltage at pin 12. IC2 starts oscillating at a frequency set by R4 and C4. With the values shown, pin 3 goes high after around 30 minutes, turning off the circuit via C3. During the c6 minutes preceding turn-off, the LED does a blinking action by connections of IC1 to pins 1, 2 & 15 of IC2. Blinking frequency is provided by IC2 oscillator at pin 9. The two gates of IC1 are wired in parallel to source more current. If required, a piezo sounder can be connected to pins 1 & 14 of IC1. Obviously, timings can be varied changing C4 and/or R4 values.