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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

History of Electronics Timeline

DATE INVENTION/DISCOVERY DISCOVERER(S)


1745     Capacitor Leyden

1780     Galvanic action Galvani


1800     Dry cell Volta

1808     Atomic theory Dalton

1812     Cable insulation Sommering and Schilling

1820     Electromagnetism Oersted


1821     Thermoelectricity Seebeck

1826     Ohm’s law Ohm

1831     Electromagnetic induction Faraday

1831     Transformer Faraday

1832      Self-induction Henry

1834      Electrolysis Faraday

1837      Relays Cooke,Wheatstone, and Davy

1839      Photovoltaic effect Becquerel

1843     Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone

1845      Kirchhoff ’s laws Kirchhoff

1850      Thermistor Faraday

1860      Microphone diaphragm Reis

1865      Radiowave propagation Maxwell

1866      Transatlantic telegraph cable T.C. & M. Co.
1874      Capacitors, mica Bauer

1876      Rolled-paper capacitor Fitzgerald

1876      Telephone Bell

1877      Phonograph Edison

1877      Microphone, carbon Edison

1877      Loudspeaker moving coil Siemens

1878      Cathode rays Crookes

1878       Carbon-filament incandescent lamp Swan, Stearn,Topham, and Cross

1879     Hall effect Hall

1880    Piezoelectricity Curie

1887     Gramophone Berliner

1887     Aerials, radiowave Hertz

1888     Induction motor Tesla

1893    Waveguides Thomson

1895    X-rays Roentgen

1896    Wireless telegraphy Marconi


1900     Quantum theory Planck

1901     Fluorescent lamp Cooper and Hewitt

1904     Two-electrode tube Fleming

1905     Theory of relativity Einstein

1906      Radio broadcasting Fessenden

1908     Television Campell, Swinton

1911     Superconductivity Onnes

1915     Sonar Langevin

1918     Multivibrator circuit Abraham & Bloch

1918     Atomic transmutation Rutherford

1919     Flip-flop circuits Eccles and Jordan

1921     Crystal control of frequency Cady

1924     Radar Appleton, Briet,Watson, and Watt

1927     Negative-feedback amplifier Black

1932     Neutron Chadwick

1932     Particle accelerator Crockcroft and Walton
1934     Liquid crystals Dreyer

1935     Transistor field effect Hieil

1935     Scanning electron microscope Knoll

1937      Xerography Carlson

1937     Oscillograph Van Ardenne, Dowling, and Bullen

1938     Nuclear fission Fristsch and Meitner

1939     Early digital computer Aitken and IBM
1943     First general-purpose computer (ENIAC: Mauchly and Eckert
10 ft tall, 11,000 sq ft, 30 tons, 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capacitors, 6000 switches, 18,000 vacuum tubes,

150 kW power, programmed with knobs and switches)

1943     Printed wiring Eisler

1945     First commercial computer (UNIVAC I) —

1948     Transistor (bipolar) Bardeen, Bratlain, and Shockley

1948     Holography Gabor and Shockley


1950     Modem MIT & Bell Labs

1950      Karnaugh mapping technique (digital logic) Karnaugh

1952      Digital voltmeter Kay

1953      Unijunction transistor GEC

1954      Transistor radioset Regency

1954      Solar battery Chapin, Fuller, and Pearson

1956      Transatlantic telephone cable U.K. & U.S.A.

1957      Sputnik I satellite U.S.S.R.

1957      FORTRAN programming language Watson Scientific

1958      Video tape recorder U.S.A.

1958       Laser Schalow and Townes

1959      Planar manufacturing process for transistors Fairchild Semicondutor
1959      First integrated circuits Fairchild Semiconductor and Texas

Instruments

1960      Light-emitting diodes Allen and Gibbons

1961      Electronic clock Vogel and Cie

1962      MOSFET transistors Hofstein, Heiman, and RCA

1963      Electronic calculator Bell Punch Co.
1964      BASIC programming language Kemeny and Kurtz

1966      Optical fiber communications Kao and Hockham

1969       UNIX operating system AT&T’s Bell Labs

1970        Floppy disk recorder IBM

1970       First microprocessor (4004, 60,000 oper/s) Intel

1971        EPROM —

1971       PASCAL programming language Wirth

1971       First microcomputer-on-a-chip Texas Instruments

1972       8008 processor (200 kHz, 16 kB) Intel

1972        Ping Pong (early video game) Atari

1972        First programmable word processor Automatic Electronic Systems

1972         5.25-in diskette —

1973        Josephson junction IBM

1973        Tunable continuous-wave laser Bell Labs

1973        Ethernet Metcalfe

1974        C programming language Kernighan, Ritchie

1974        Programmable pocket calculator Hewlett Packard

1975        BASIC for personal computers Allen

1975        Liquid-crystal display United Kingdom

1975        First personal computer (Altair 8800) Roberts

1975        Integrated optical circuits Reinhart and Logan

1975         Microsoft founded Gates and Allen

1976         Apple I computer Wozniak, Jobs

1977         Commodore PET (14 K ROM, 4 K RAM) Commodore Business Machines

1978          Space Invaders video game Taito

1978         WordPerfect 1.0 Satellite Software

1980         3.5-in floppy (2-sided, 875 kB) Sony Electronics

1980         Commodore 64 Commodore Business Machines

1980         Macintosh computer Apple Computer

1981         IBM PC (8088 processor) IBM

1981         MS-DOS 1.0 Microsoft

1982         Laser printer IBM
1983         Satellite television U.S. Satellite Communications, Inc.

1983         “Wet” solar cell Germany/U.S.A.

1983          First built-in hard drive (IBM PC-XT) IBM

1983          Microsoft Word Microsoft

1983          C++ programming language Stroostrup

1984          CD-ROM player for personal computers Philips

1985         300,000 simultaneous telephone conversations AT&T, Bell Laboratory over single optical fiber

1987        Warm superconductivity Karl Alex Mueller

1987        80386 microprocessor (25 MHz) Intel



1990        486 microprocessor (33 MHz) Intel

1994        Pentium processor (60/90 MHz 166.2 mips) Intel

1996        Alpha 21164 processor (550 MHz) Digital Equipment

1996        P2SC processor (15 million transistors) IBM
1997        Deep Blue (IBM RS/6000SP supercomputer) IBM

defeats world chess champ Garry Kasparov
2004        Facebook
2006        Android
2008       Tabs Samsung
2009       Window 7
2012       Window 8