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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Volkswagen XL1

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Finally the time has come when the automobile giant Volkswagen has revealed the near-production version of the XL1 at the latest Geneva Motos Show. The XL1 is a two-seat, plug-in diesel hybrid designed to be the world's most energy-efficient automobile. VW estimates the XL1 can get up to 111 kilometre per litre — although with a time to 100 kmph of 12.7 seconds, it won't get there quickly.

The good news is that The space-age two-seat concept is set for a limited production run of 250 units, but it is not yet clear to what extent the design will need to be modified prior to production to improve day-to-day usability.


 


The shape is designed to be as aerodynamic as possible, which is also why the rear wheels are enclosed. Air flows over the XL1’s slippery lines extremely efficiently and helps to attain startling fuel economy figures. Low weight of 795kg also helps, thanks to extensive use of carbon fibre and composites which will give the plug-in hybrid a 0-100 kmph time of 12.2 seconds and a top speed limited to a modest 160kmph.






The amazing fact is that It can also cover a distance of up to 50 kilometres in all-electric mode where it emits zero carbon dioxide.


 

To add to the eco friendly car arena the XL1 is not about sporty performance but environmentally-friendly driving - with Volkswagen claiming it will be capable of a record breaking 111 kmpl.


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