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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

SpaceX Wants to be on Mars in 12-15 Years

Elon Musk, billionaire founder of PayPal, Tesla motor sports, and CEO of SpaceX, says we are going to Mars, and soon. Mars has long been a goal of space organizations. NASA believes
they can reach Mars by the 2030s, Mars One is planning one-way trips as soon as 2020s, but Musk believes SpaceX can get there in 12-15 years.
A Mars trip is dangerous on many levels: psychologically, environmentally, technologically and even financially. Musk told , "The first flight would be risky; if I felt comfortable that the company's mission will continue, that my kids have grown up, then I'd be on the first mission." "We know it's possible to get there," Musk said. "You would be moving to Mars, so a round trip ticket, it has to be no more than half a million dollars, so roughly, a middle-class house in California, and at this point, I would say, I know it's possible.