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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of

Light Barrier Detector



This simple circuit using a single transistor turns ON the relay when light falls on the LDR.
The potentiometer is adjusted for the required sensitivity.
The power supply is 6V.
Be careful about the impedance of the relay. Its impedance should not be less that 60ohm.
Its working can be explained as follows:
With the light falling on the LDR,its resistance is low and the transistor is saturated and turns the relay ON.
When light is obstructed, the LDRs resistance becomes very high. The potentiometer shorts the transistors

base to ground and it is cut off. Hence the relay is OFF.

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