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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Simple Door Alarm circuit

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Simple Door Alarm circuit

This is a simple - easy to build - alarm circuit. For power - I used a small 9-volt battery. But the circuit itself will work from 5 to 15-volts - just choose a buzzer that's suitable for the voltage you're using. The standby current is virtually zero - so the battery life is good.


If SW1 is fitted to a door - every time the door opens the Buzzer will give a short beep. In an unattended shop - or reception area - the sound of the beep will alert you to the fact that you have a customer. How long the output lasts depends on the values of R2 and C2. With the values shown - it will last for somewhere between 3 and 5 seconds.

But - by increasing these values - you can achieve an output time of up to half-an-hour or more. So if you replace the Buzzer with a relay - and use the relay to switch a Siren - you have a Simple Intruder Alarm that you can fit almost anywhere.

I've drawn SW1 as a magnetic-reed switch; but you can use any type of switch that suits your application. If you have more than one door or window to protect - you can use more than one switch. Just wire all of your switches in series.

Changing the Output Time

Generally speaking - the length of the output time is proportional to the values of R2 and C2. In other words, if you double the value of either R2 or C2 - you will double the output time. If you halve the value of either R2 or C2 - you will halve the output time.

For example, if you replace R2 with a 4M7 resistor you will increase the output time by a factor of about 5. If you replace C2 with a 470uF capacitor you will increase the output time by a factor of about 100. If you use both a 4M7 resistor and a 470uF capacitor together, you will increase the time by a factor of about 5 X 100 = 500. This should give you an output of around half-an-hour or more.

If you want an accurate output time - use a variable-resistor (or preset) in place of R2. Then simply adjust the resistor until you get the output time you require.

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