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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of ...

lm1758-switching-regulator-circuit

The National Semiconductor LM 1578 A is a switching regulator which can simply be created for such dc-to-dc voltage, conversion circuits as the buck, boost, and inverting configurations. The LM 1578 A features a unique comparator input stage that not only has separate pins for each the inverting and non-inverting inputs, however also provides an internal 1.0 V reference to every input, thereby simplifying circuit design and pc board layout.



The output can switch upto 750 m A and has output pins for its collector and emitter to promote design flexibility. An external current limit terminal is also referenced to either the ground or the Vin terminal, relying upon the application. additionally, the LM 1578 A has an on board oscillator, that sets the switching frequency with one external capacitor from < 1 Hz to 100 kHz (typical). It operates from supply voltages of 2 V to 40 V. it's supplied with current limit and thermal shutdown. Duty cycle up to 90 %. functional diagram is given in figure.

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