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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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Digital Logic Gates

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Work of a logic gate is to perform a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and give us a single logic output. This logic is called Boolean logic. Logic gates are generally applied electronically using  transistors or diodes. In electronic logic, a logic level is represented by a voltage or current. Below are given the gates used in electronics.
by http://www.123circuits.com/
The AND gate is a logic gate that gives an output of '1' only when all of its inputs are '1'.
The OR gate is a logic gate that gives an output of '0' only when all of its inputs are '0'
The NOT gate is a logic gate that gives an output that is opposite the state of its input.
The NAND gate is an AND gate with a NOT gate at its end
The NOR gate is an OR gate with a NOT gate at its end.
In XNOR The output is high when both inputs A and B are high
In XOR The output is LOW when both inputs A and B are high

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