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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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bmw i8 concept spyder

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Essentially a convertible version of last year's coupe, the spyder rides on a shortened wheelbase and has laser headlights, a semi-transparent hood and a rakish windscreen with an integrated spoiler. Out back, there's a rear diffuser, "three-dimensional air outlets" and U-shaped taillights.

The cabin is elegantly appointed with leather upholstery, carbon fiber trim and piano black accents. There's also a digital instrument cluster and a three-dimensional iDrive display.

Motivation is provided by a plug-in hybrid powertrain that features a 131 PS (96 kW / 129 hp) electric motor and a 223 PS (164 kW / 220 hp) three-cylinder petrol engine. The 550 Nm powers the front wheels, while the petrol engine powers the rear wheels. This setup gives the car an all-wheel drive system as well as a combined output of 354 PS (260 kW / 349 hp) and 550 Nm (406 Nm) of torque. It enables the roadster to accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 5.0 seconds, before hitting a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).
More importantly, the concept's lithium-ion batteries enable the model to travel up to 30 kilometers (19 miles) on electricity alone.  This helps to give the car a combined fuel consumption rating of 3 L/100 km (94.1 mpg UK / 78.4 mpg US).

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