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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of ...
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Scientists created a new form of graphene

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A new form of graphene, the researchers created at the University of Texas at Austin, opens new perspectives in the cooling technology of semiconductor devices and electronic devices being 60% more efficient heat conductor than conventional. Development specialists from Austin worked in collaboration with colleagues from two American and one Chinese universities.

According to scientists, the new material is 60% more efficient conductor of heat than conventional graphene.

Graphene - a material consisting of a single layer of carbon, is very promising for microelectronics. In particular, because of its ability to conduct heat. Usually carbon consists of 98.9% of 12C isotope and 1.1% - is 13C isotope. Graphene created by the project participants is 99.99% 12C isotope. The measurements conducted by scientists have shown that the new material conducts heat better than any other material tested to date.


As stated, the development may have important implications for future semiconductor electronics. Reducing the size of transistors and increasing the speed of mechanisms require more effective heat dissipation. The problem is so big that scientists around the world are looking for and try to create materials that help to remove heat more effectively than materials used today.

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