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High CMRR Instrumentation Amplifier (Schematic and Layout) design for biomedical applications

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Instrumentation amplifiers are intended to be used whenever acquisition of a useful signal is difficult. IA’s must have extremely high input impedances because source impedances may be high and/or unbalanced. bias and offset currents are low and relatively stable so that the source impedance need not be constant. Balanced differential inputs are provided so that the signal source may be referenced to any reasonable level independent of the IA output load reference. Common mode rejection, a measure of input balance, is very high so that noise pickup and ground drops, characteristic of remote sensor applications, are minimized.Care is taken to provide high, well characterized stability of critical parameters under varying conditions, such as changing temperatures and supply voltages. Finally, all components that are critical to the performance of the IA are internal to the device. The precision of an IA is provided at the expense of flexibility. By committing to the one specific task of
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VHF AUDIO VIDEO TRANSMITTER

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VHF AUDIO VIDEO TRANSMITTER

The circuit presented here is a simple audio/video transmitter with a range of 3 to 5 metres. The A/V signal source for the circuit may be a VCR, a satellite receiver or a video game etc. The circuit uses inexpensive components which are easily available in the market.A block diagram showing the principle of its operation and complete circuit diagram are shown in the figure. A mixer which also operates as an oscillator at VHF (H) channel 5 TV frequency is amplitude modulated by video signal and mixed with frequency mo enna, contains video carrier frequency of 175.25 Mhz and audio carrier frequency of 180.75 Mhz.

The circuit consists of transistor T1 with its resonant tuned tank circuit formed by inductor L1 and trimmer capacitor VC1, oscillating at VHF (H) channel 5 frequency. Transistor T2 with its tuned circuit formed using SIF coil and inbuilt capacitor forms oscillator. The audio signal applied at the input to T2 results into frequency modulation of 5.5 Mhz oscillator signal. The output of 5.5 Mhz FM stage is coupled to the mixer stage through capacitor C8 while the video signal is coupled to the emitter of T1 via capacitor C4 and variable resistor Inductor L1 can be wound on a 3mm core using 24SWG enamelled wire by just giving 4 turns. Calibration/adjustment of the circuit is also not very difficult. After providing 12V DC power supply to the circuit and tuning your TV set for VHF (H) channel 5 reception, tune trimmer VC1.